How DNS Works
DNS translates human-readable domain names into IP addresses. The resolution process involves recursive resolvers, root servers, TLD servers, and authoritative nameservers working together.
Record Types
A records map domains to IPv4 addresses. AAAA for IPv6. CNAME creates aliases. MX handles email routing. TXT records store arbitrary text, commonly used for SPF, DKIM, and domain verification.
DNS Security
DNSSEC adds cryptographic signatures to DNS records, preventing spoofing. DNS over HTTPS (DoH) and DNS over TLS (DoT) encrypt queries to prevent eavesdropping.
Performance Optimization
Use low TTL values during migrations and higher values for stable records. Implement DNS prefetching in web applications. Consider using Anycast DNS for global distribution.
Troubleshooting
Tools like dig, nslookup, and host are essential for DNS debugging. Check propagation with online tools. Common issues include stale caches, misconfigured records, and DNSSEC validation failures.